The paper is divided into three sections. The first section looks at the policy framework and measures for agricultural modernization that have been pursued in China, especially since 1978, when China made the “strategic shift” in its economic strategy from central planning to a more market-oriented approach. It also describes the results of policy reforms and evaluates their contributions to China’s agricultural modernization and food security. The second section examines the situation of Philippine agriculture, with emphasis on the obstacles to achieving food security. Finally, the concluding section outlines lessons and policy implications that may be drawn from comparing the two agricultural economies.