As the Philippines strives to enhance learning outcomes, reduce inequality, and align education with labor market demands, there is a growing need for research that not only identifies systemic challenges but also informs effective reform. In response, the Philippine Institute for Development Studies presents this book as a comprehensive collection of studies that examine both the milestones and enduring challenges within the country's education sector. This book presents actionable, evidence-based recommendations to strengthen the education system by enhancing teacher quality through professional development and refined incentive mechanisms, addressing infrastructure gaps and regional disparities, aligning curricula with labor market needs, increasing and optimizing education spending, expanding access for marginalized learners, and improving monitoring and evaluation systems to ensure that reforms are inclusive, data-driven, and sustainable. This book calls on all stakeholders to engage with the pressing questions facing Philippine education today and help forge a more inclusive and transformative path forward.